Restrictive lung diseases come about from poor breathing mechanics or interstitial lung diseases. Poor breathing mechanics result in under-ventilation of lungs. Thus the A-a gradient is normal. Conditions such as ALS, polio, myasthenia gravis, and scoliosis limit the body's ability to take in air. There is no problem with the alveoli. Interstitial lung diseases cause the lungs to become fibrotic and it is the fibrosis and destruction of lung tissue hat leads to less oxygen into the lungs.
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